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ANGeLiC's main research questions

ANGeLiC uses systematic experimental design to develop and integrate seven core technologies across the complete Li-S battery system. We deliberately test protection strategies, electrolyte systems, and characterisation techniques in parallel to identify optimal combinations for different performance requirements.

Our research spans 10 countries with diverse expertise to understand how materials engineering, manufacturing processes, and safety requirements interact in real-world applications. We measure not just technical performance, but manufacturing compatibility, environmental impact, and commercial viability for heavy-duty vehicle applications.

By advancing technologies from various starting points to demonstration-ready levels (TRL 4-6), we bridge the gap between fundamental research and industrial implementation, providing the foundation needed for Europe’s next-generation battery technologies.

How can atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD) create stable protective layers that prevent dendrite formation on lithium metal anodes?

What electrolyte formulations—liquid and polymer-based—can effectively suppress the polysulphide shuttle effect while enabling fast charging?

How can real-time operando characterisation and embedded sensors unlock the complex electrochemical processes governing Li-S battery performance?

What manufacturing processes can scale these technologies from laboratory to industrial production while maintaining performance and safety?

Our technologies

Technology:

Li-metal anode protection by ALD and/or MLD

Benefit:

Enabling safe Lithium metal batteries with extended battery life

Creates ultra-thin protective layers on lithium metal anodes using precision Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) and/or Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD) to eliminate dangerous dendrite formation. This technology enables the safe use of lithium metal, the highest-capacity anode material available, delivering enhanced safety, extended battery life, and opening the door to next-generation energy storage. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver safe, high-performance power solutions for e.g. heavy-duty vehicles, renewable energy storage and aerospace.

Technology:

Carbon-sulphur cathode design and protection

Benefit:

Stopping energy loss before it starts

Prevents the polysulphide shuttle effect, the main culprit behind Li-S battery degradation, through macroporous carbon matrices and protective ALD coatings combined with advanced electrocatalysts. This technology traps active materials where they belong, accelerates energy conversion, and delivers stable, high-performance batteries that maintain capacity over hundreds of cycles. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver reliable power for e.g. heavy-duty and aerospace applications where consistent performance is critical.

Technology:

Application of polymer electrolyte on Li-metal anode

Benefit:

Safe by design, enhanced by innovation

Applies thin polymer protective layers directly onto lithium metal anodes using scalable tape casting technology. This innovation provides mechanical stability with high elasticity to suppress dendrite growth and accommodate volume changes during cycling, leading to uniform lithium deposition. The technology serves as an artificial protective layer that enhances safety and extends battery life for next-generation energy storage. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver reliable power solutions for heavy-duty electric vehicles, long-haul trucks, electric buses, and grid-scale renewable energy storage.

Technology:

Li-S cell with liquid electrolyte

Benefit:

Cleaner chemistry, better performance

Develops advanced liquid electrolyte formulations using sustainable, fluorine-free lithium salts and novel additives that minimize polysulphide shuttling while maintaining high ionic conductivity. Enhanced with ALD-modified separators for improved safety, this technology delivers faster charging, extended cycle life, and reduced environmental impact. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver high-performance power for heavy-duty vehicles and stationary energy storage with enhanced environmental responsibility.

Technology:

Polymeric electrolytes

Benefit:

Solid-state safety meets liquid performance

Creates hybrid polymer electrolytes using ionic liquids with sustainable anions that overcome traditional polymer limitations. This non-toxic and environmentally friendly technology delivers enhanced ionic conductivity, eliminates polysulphide shuttle effects through physical blocking, and enables lower-temperature operation while maintaining the inherent safety of solid-state systems. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver maximum safety and environmental responsibility for electric vehicles, wearable electronics, medical devices, air transport and other applications requiring the highest safety standards.

Technology:

Manufacturing of Lithium-Anode using electrodeposition processes

Benefit:

Lightweight innovation with maximum precision

Deposits ultra-thin lithium layers (10-30 μm) using scalable roll-to-roll electrochemical processes, reducing material usage by up to 70% compared to conventional anodes. This manufacturing breakthrough enables continuous, cost-effective production under controlled atmospheres, delivering dendrite-free anodes that enhance energy density while reducing costs. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver cost-effective, high-energy-density solutions for commercial battery manufacturing across multiple industries, including air transport.

Technology:

Sensor technology

Benefit:

Smart batteries that monitor their performance

Integrates ultra-thin, porous mesh sensors directly into batteries for real-time monitoring of temperature, pressure, and electrode potentials without affecting performance. This predictive technology detects early signs of thermal runaway and other failure modes, enabling proactive safety measures and extending battery life through intelligent monitoring. This technology enables Li-S batteries to deliver enhanced safety and predictive maintenance capabilities for applications requiring advanced battery monitoring and protection systems.

Technology:

Advanced binders

Benefit:

Enhancing structural integrity and battery performance

Innovative water-based binders that coordinate with lithium polysulfides to suppress shuttling while providing mechanical stability against volume changes. This sustainable manufacturing approach improves safety through water-based processing, enhances cycling stability, and simplifies recycling for more environmentally responsible battery production. This material enables Li-S batteries to deliver safe, high-performance power solutions for e.g. heavy-duty vehicles, renewable energy applications and aerospace.

Technology:

Electrolyte additives

Benefit:

Powerful protection

Uses specialized electrolyte additives to engineer protective solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formation that creates polymer or 2D structures on lithium metal surfaces. This scalable, cost-effective approach reduces polysulfide solubility while protecting against dendrite formation, offering a simple pathway to safer, longer-lasting batteries. This material enables Li-S batteries to deliver safe and repeatable cycling for diverse applications from wearable electronics to heavy-duty vehicles and aerospace systems.

ANGeLiC
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